What Maine’s 2025 Referendum Question 1 Could Mean for Voting

Written By dKay in Maine

In my last blog post, I wrote about Ballot Question 2, “An Act to Protect Maine Communities by Enacting the Extreme Risk Protection Order Act.” But that won’t be the only referendum question on the ballot this November. Maine voters will also decide on Ballot Question 1, titled “An Act to Require an Individual to Present Photographic Identification for the Purpose of Voting.”

The Ballot Question

Here’s how you’ll see it on Election Day:

“Do you want to change Maine election laws to eliminate two days of absentee voting, prohibit requests for absentee ballots by phone or family members, end ongoing absentee voter status for seniors and people with disabilities, ban prepaid postage on absentee ballot return envelopes, limit the number of drop boxes, require voters to show certain photo ID before voting, and make other changes to our elections?”
— Current Citizen Initatives and People's Vetoes

The official wording is long and highlights the restrictions this law would create—fewer days for absentee voting, only one drop box per town, and new ID requirements. That framing is accurate, but some important details from the underlying bill are not included in the wording you’ll see on Election Day:

  • Free IDs: The bill requires the Secretary of State to provide free non-driver ID cards to eligible voters without a license.

  • Religious exemption: Voters with a sincere religious objection to being photographed may submit a sworn affidavit instead of a photo ID.

  • Challenged ballots: Voters who show up without ID are not automatically turned away. They can cast a ballot, but must return to the clerk within 4 days with proper ID for it to count.

  • Absentee ballot requirements: Absentee voters must now provide ID information both when requesting their ballot and again when returning it.

Supporters point to these provisions as evidence that the law is workable and fair. Opponents counter that the extra steps, paperwork, and deadlines could still make voting harder—especially for seniors, students, or low-income Mainers.

What Does This Mean in Plain Language?

If you’d like to see the full list of changes Question 1 would bring—and what would stay the same—please expand the sections below.

    • Photo ID required for in-person voting (Maine driver’s license, state ID, passport, or military/VA ID).

    • Voting without ID still possible, but your ballot becomes a “challenged ballot” and will only count if you present your ID to the clerk within four (4) days.

    • Free non-driver IDs must be provided by the Secretary of State for those without a license.

    • Absentee voting rules tighten:

      • Must provide ID number or copy both when requesting and returning the ballot.

      • Online requests remain available, but you must include ID information yourself; family members or third parties can no longer submit the request for you.

      • No phone requests allowed.

      • Ongoing absentee status (automatic ballots for seniors or voters with disabilities) ends.

      • No prepaid postage on return envelopes.

    • Drop boxes limited to one per town, outside the clerk’s office, with retrieval by a bipartisan team.

    • Third parties beyond the immediate family are not permitted to return ballots.

    • You can still request an absentee ballot online, by mail, or in person, just with stricter ID requirements.

    • You can still return your completed absentee ballot:

      • By mail,

      • In person to the clerk’s office,

      • Through an immediate family member (that part is unchanged).

    • The deadline remains the same: ballots must be received by 8:00 p.m. on Election Day.

For those who want to read the full legal language, you can download the underlying bill in Word format from the Secretary of State’s website here.

How Supporters and Opponents See It

Like most ballot questions, Maine’s voter ID proposal has strong voices on both sides. Supporters argue it’s a commonsense step to build trust in elections and align Maine with practices elsewhere. Opponents counter that it adds barriers in a state with already high turnout and few cases of fraud.

Below is a side-by-side look at the main arguments, so you can see how each side approaches the same issues.

Topic

Supporters say…

Opponents say…
Election integrity & fraud prevention Photo ID helps ensure “one person, one vote” and can boost confidence in results. Impersonation fraud is already rare in Maine, so new ID rules fix a problem that barely exists.
Voter access & participation Free state IDs remove cost barriers; clear rules may motivate voters to be prepared. Extra steps (ID at request/return, four-day cure) risk discouraging eligible voters, especially newer voters.
Cost & administration Uniform ID checks can simplify verification and reduce disputes at the polls. Clerks shoulder added work (ID verification, challenged ballots, paperwork); statewide costs include free IDs, training, and outreach.
Absentee voting & drop boxes Limiting drop boxes and standardizing return methods increases security and consistency. One drop box per town and stricter return rules reduce convenience—felt most in rural areas or for those without transport.
Equity Rules apply equally; free IDs and a religious-objection affidavit help avoid unfair exclusion. Seniors, students, low-income and rural Mainers may face bigger hurdles obtaining ID or meeting new deadlines.
Complexity & voter confidence Clear, consistent ID rules can reassure voters and reduce confusion about eligibility. Longer instructions and new steps can confuse voters and deter participation at the margins.
Timing & implementation A 2026 start date gives time for outreach, training, and a smooth rollout. Small towns with limited staff may struggle to adapt quickly without significant support.

Weighing the Debate

The arguments around Question 1 go beyond simple “for” or “against.” Supporters call photo ID a commonsense step that brings Maine in line with other states and international democracies, while opponents caution it could introduce barriers in a system that already works well. To weigh the stakes, it helps to look at the numbers and experiences—in Maine, across the U.S., and around the world.

Maine

  • Turnout in 2024: ~74.2% of eligible voters, among the highest in the U.S.
  • Record ballots cast: Over 842,000 ballots in 2024 (new high).
  • Documented cases of voter fraud: extremely rare (a handful in the last two decades).
  • Absentee ballot returns: Current law allows third-party returns (e.g., neighbors, caregivers); Question 1 would restrict this to family only.
  • Cost & administration: If Question 1 passes, issuing free IDs could cost $500,000–$700,000 upfront, with $500,000–$1 million annually for poll-worker training, outreach, and clerical ID verification. These estimates are based on Maine's smaller scale compared with states like Missouri and Indiana.

United States

  • Public support: About 84% of Americans (as of Oct. 2024) support photo ID requirements (up from 79% in 2022).
  • 2014 GAO study: turnout dropped 1.9-2.2 percentage points in Kansas and 2.2-3.2 percentage points in Tennessee after strict ID laws—larger effects for young, minority, and newly registered voters.
  • Accessibility: Reported difficulties among disabled voters fell from 26% (2012) to 11% (2020) during COVID-era expansions, then rose slightly in 2022 as temporary measures ended.
  • Wisconsin (2024): 76.4% turnout under voter ID—high, with documented disenfranchisement concerns.
  • Cost examples: Missouri: Fiscal notes for its voter ID law projected multi-million dollar costs in the first year (mailers, ads, DMV/admin), with continued annual expenses; Indiana: State law requires the BMV to provide free voter IDs, though detailed cost data aren't published; expenses are absorbed into agency budgets.

World

  • Germany (2025): 82.5% turnout (highest since reunification); photo ID required. Every citizen must hold a Personalausweis (about €37 / ~$40 for 10 years), so there are no extra state election costs.
  • Other democracies: France, Sweden, and Italy require voter ID without noticeable declines in turnout.
  • UK (2024): First nationwide voter-ID use: 0.08% of in-person voters (~16,000) turned away for lacking ID; 4% of non-voters cited lack of ID as their reason.

Ultimately, the numbers show that voter ID laws can both reassure voters and create hurdles, depending on how they are designed and implemented. The question for Maine is whether these changes will build greater trust in elections—or risk discouraging participation in a state that already leads the nation in turnout.

Why It Matters in Maine

Maine consistently ranks near the top in voter participation—about 74.2% turnout in 2024, compared to 64.1% nationally—and our elections have seen very few cases of fraud. Maine’s strong track record is often cited by opponents as proof that no new restrictions are needed. They note that local clerks in smaller towns already manage elections with limited staff, and worry that added rules for absentee ballots and drop boxes could create the greatest hurdles for rural residents, older voters, and students who depend on the flexibility.

Supporters see it differently. They say Maine shouldn’t wait for problems to show up and view voter ID as a simple, commonsense step to boost confidence in the system. They also note that many other states and countries already require ID, and argue that because free IDs would be available, every eligible voter could still take part.

In the end, the decision isn’t just about showing ID at the polls—it’s about how Maine wants to balance trust and access across communities that range from Portland’s urban neighborhoods to towns of just a few hundred people.

What’s the Bottom Line?

Growing up in Germany, I was used to showing ID at the polls—it was simply part of the process, whether in a big city or a small town. Of course, working on this article piqued my curiosity, and I had to look up the most recent voter turnout data. In Germany’s most recent federal election (2025), the turnout reached 82.5%, the highest in decades, suggesting that ID rules don’t necessarily discourage participation. In the United States, turnout in 2024 was about 64%, while Maine stood out with nearly 74%, among the highes in the nation. Wisconsin, a state with strict voter ID, still recorded 76.4% turnout in 2024—evidence that high engagement can continue under such laws, though courts there also documented real cases of disenfranchisement among certain groups.

“At the heart of Question 1 is a choice: should Maine put more emphasis on election security, or keep the easy access?”

For Maine voters, the issue is really about trade-offs. A “Yes” means backing photo ID as a way to boost confidence and put the state in step with how many other places already run elections. A “No” means trusting that Maine’s system works well as it is and worrying that new rules could make voting harder without fixing an existing problem.

What This Means on Election Day

Here’s what you’ll be deciding when you fill out your ballot this November:

  • A Yes vote means Maine would adopt photo ID requirements and make the related changes to absentee ballots, drop boxes, and ID rules (starting in January 2026).

  • A No vote means Maine’s current election laws stay in place, without photo ID requirements or the new absentee ballot limits.

Share Your Thoughts

This referendum is about more than showing an ID at the polls — it’s about how Maine balances access and security in elections. Supporters see it as a step toward stronger trust and alignment with national norms. Opponents see it as a solution in search of a problem, one that may add barriers in a state with already high participation.

What do you think?

  • Would Question 1 increase your confidence in Maine’s elections?

  • Or are there other changes you’d like to see to strengthen both trust and access?

Feel free to share your perspective in the comment section below. I’d love to hear how Mainers are thinking about this ahead of the November election.

dKay in Maine
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